- Is there even a mining industry left in Germany?
- Yes, just not the one people picture. Hard coal ended in 2018. What continues is quarrying and aggregates at scale, potash and salt, lignite, and a very large permanent aftercare obligation. On the MIRO figures, around 2,700 works in roughly 1,600 companies extract just under 500 million tonnes of aggregates a year, and that is before lignite, potash and salt. Add to that RAG pumping around 110 million cubic metres of mine water a year at 12 sites, which is a task with no end date.
- Why is underground robotics harder than a factory?
- Because almost nothing you rely on above ground is available. There is no GNSS underground, so navigation runs on SLAM and infrastructure-based positioning. Communication goes over leaky feeder, underground WLAN or 5G with limited bandwidth. Dust, water and vibration are constant. Ventilation dictates where you can be. And a stalled vehicle in a drift blocks the only route there is, which makes recovery a very different problem than in a warehouse aisle.
- What does ATEX mean for the hardware choice?
- In a firedamp environment it decides it. Directive 2014/34/EU defines equipment Group I specifically for mines susceptible to firedamp, with categories M1 and M2 setting how the equipment must behave when gas is detected. Most standard inspection robots and most standard batteries are simply not available in that class. That question is settled at the start of the spec, because it determines what can be considered at all rather than what is preferable.
- Can a drone or robot replace the mine surveyor?
- No, and in Germany that is a legal point rather than a technical one. Statutory mine surveying is reserved to the Markscheider. A SLAM point cloud or a photogrammetric volume is excellent for progress, stockpile reconciliation and for mapping ground nobody can enter, and it is available far more often than a formal survey. But the binding survey remains the Markscheider's, and any vendor blurring that line is selling you a problem.
- Which systems are we actually talking about?
- Real, shipping automation: Sandvik AutoMine and Epiroc for autonomous and tele-remote haulage and drilling, Innok Robotics in Regensburg, whose INSPECTOS platforms run infrastructure monitoring at the K+S Werra salt mine, Exyn and Emesent Hovermap for underground SLAM mapping where there is no GNSS, and UNEXMIN GeoRobotics for flooded workings, which has surveyed German mines at Kaefersteige near Pforzheim and Gehren near Ilmenau. One precision worth having: ANYbotics ANYmal X is ATEX certified, but to Zone 1 IIB, which is equipment Group II for surface industry. For firedamp workings you need Group I, and no commercial legged robot carries that today.
- Where does werob stop and wedrone start?
- Underground and on the ground it is werob: haulage, drilling, inspection rounds, mapping, aftercare. In the open air above the pit it is wedrone: stockpile and pit volumetrics, highwall and bench inspection, blast monitoring and tailings facility surveillance. A surface operation usually wants both, and they are specified together. Flooded workings are the third case, and those run on the subsea side.